SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF ANISOPUS MANNII N.E.Br (ASCLEPIADACEAE) IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED HYPERGLYCAEMIC WISTAR RATS
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ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects carbohydrates, lipids and proteins resulting in sustained hyperglycaemia which could lead to serious organ(s) damage and death. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the pharmacological properties of the methanol extract of Anisopus mannii, a plant used in ethnomedical practice to manage diabetes mellitus. The specific objectives were to investigate acute toxicity test including LD50, antihyperglycaemic properties and some other effects of the plant (if any) on, hematological indices, lipid profile, some liver enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and preliminary phytochemical screening of the whole plant. The extract is relatively safe as the oral LD50 was found to be 2,150 mg/kg. Alloxan (150 mg/kg) was used to induce hyperglycaemia in rats. Three graded doses of the extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) were administered daily for 14 days and the antihyperglycaemic property was compared with normal saline as control, and the group administered standard hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). The extract (300 – 600 mg/kg, P.O) produced significant (P<0.05 – P<0.0005) antihyperglycaemic properties when compared to control in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Similarly, the extract (600 mg/kg, P.O) at 1 to 24h; and 300 mg/kg at 24h showed significant decrease (P<0.05 – P< 0.0005) in the blood glucose concentration in normoglycaemic rats. The extract also produced a significant decrease (P<0.01 – P<0.0005) in hemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cell (WBC) count in the alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic Wistar rats, although, lymphocytes and neutrophils were not significantly affected. The high density lipoproteins (HDL) was decreased (P<0.05), while low density lipoproteins (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) were increased (P<0.01 and P<0.05) by 300 and 600 mg/kg of the extract respectively. The highest dose of the extract (600 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease (P<0.05 - P<0.0005), while 150 and 300 mg/kg did not produce any significant change in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic Wistar rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude methanol (whole plant) extract of A. mannii revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids, while cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycoside were absent. The results of the study showed that, the methanol (whole plant) extract of A. mannii possesses dose dependent antihyperglycemic and hypoglycaemic properties in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic Wistar rats respectively. The data may provide pharmacological basis for the use of the plant in the management of diabetes mellitus.
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